I.Dulmar Guud oo ku saabsan Warshadaha iyo Horumarka Tiknoolajiyada
Polyacrylamide (PAM), oo ah mid ka mid ah kiimikooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee daaweynta biyaha, ayaa horumar la taaban karo ka samaysay hal-abuurka tignoolajiyada iyo codsiyada suuqa sannadihii ugu dambeeyay. Sida laga soo xigtay warbixintii ugu dambeysay ee cilmi-baarista suuqa, suuqa caalamiga ah ee PAM wuxuu gaaray $4.58 bilyan sannadkii 2023 waxaana la saadaalinayaa inuu kor u kaco $6.23 bilyan marka la gaaro 2028, iyadoo heerka kobaca sanadlaha ah uu yahay 6.3%. Qaybta daaweynta biyaha ayaa ka badan 65% isticmaalka guud, taasoo u adeegta sidii darawalka ugu muhiimsan ee kobaca warshadaha.
1. Horumarka laga sameeyay Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM)
Sannadkii 2023, koox cilmi-baaris ah oo ka socota Jaamacadda Sayniska iyo Teknolojiyadda Shiinaha ayaa daabacday natiijooyin muhiim ah oo ku saabsan *Biyaha Dabiiciga ah*, iyagoo si guul leh u soo saaray walxo cusub oo APAM ah oo leh astaamo "jawaab caqli badan". Iyada oo la adeegsanayo tignoolajiyada daabacaadda molecular-ka, badeecadani waxay si toos ah u hagaajin kartaa qaab-dhismeedka molecular-ka iyadoo lagu saleynayo noocyada wasakhda ah ee biyaha, iyadoo hagaajinaysa hufnaanta ka saarista ion-ka birta culus 40%, gaar ahaan ku habboon qodista daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah. Xogta goobta laga helay mashruuca daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah ee macdanta naxaasta ah ee Jiangxi ayaa muujisay in walaxdani ay gaartay 99.2% ka saarista ion-ka naxaasta ah iyadoo la dhimayo kharashyada daaweynta 35%.
Isla mar ahaantaana, Mitsubishi Chemical ee Japan ayaa soo bandhigtay taxane APAM ah oo heerkul sare u adkaysta kaas oo ilaaliya waxqabadka xasilloon ee 80-120°C, isagoo wax ka qabanaya caqabadaha farsamo ee daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah ee saliidda iyo gaaska. Badeecadani waxay muujisay waxqabad heer sare ah oo ka jira nidaamka daaweynta biyaha ee goobta saliidda ee Saudi Aramco, iyadoo dardar gelinaysa xawaaraha sameynta floc 50% waxayna yareysay waqtiga dejinta ilaa laba meelood meel ka mid ah alaabada caadiga ah.
2. Casriyeynta Tiknoolajiyadda ee Cationic Polyacrylamide (CPAM)
Qaybta daaweynta wasakhda waxay la kulantay isbeddello isbeddel ah. Horraantii 2024, BASF ee Jarmalka ayaa soo saartay badeecad CPAM ah oo jiil cusub ah oo miisaankeedu aad u sarreeyo oo miisaankeedu ka badan yahay 20 milyan oo Daltons ah. Iyada oo loo marayo tiknoolajiyad gaar ah oo isku xiran, badeecadani waxay samaysaa qaab-dhismeed shabakadeed oo cufan inta lagu jiro nadiifinta wasakhda, taasoo gaadhaysa qoyaanka wasakhda ka dib marka la nadiifiyo biyaha ka hooseeya 58% - taasoo ah horumar 10-boqolkiiba ah marka loo eego alaabada caadiga ah. Ka dib markii la qaatay tiknoolajiyaddan, Warshadda Daaweynta Biyaha Qashinka ee Degmada Paris waxay kordhisay awoodda daaweynta wasakhda 30% iyadoo hoos u dhigaysa isticmaalka kiimikada 15%.
Si gaar ah, shirkad cusub oo laga leeyahay dalka Holland ayaa samaysay CPAM bayooloji ah iyadoo adeegsanaysa tignoolajiyada tafatirka hidda-wadaha ee CRISPR. Iyada oo lagu soo saaray halsano *E. coli* oo la farsameeyay, habkani wuxuu gebi ahaanba ka fogaadaa isticmaalka monomer-ka acrylamide, isagoo yareynaya sunta deegaanka ee badeecada 90% isla markaana dhimaya qiiqa kaarboonka 65% inta lagu jiro wax soo saarka. In kasta oo kharashyada hadda jira ay ka sarreeyaan ~20% hababka isku-darka kiimikada, haddana waxaa la filayaa faa'iidooyin tartan oo muhiim ah marka la gaaro wax soo saar baaxad leh sanadka 2026.
3. Adeegsiga Ballaaran ee Nonionic Polyacrylamide (NPAM)
NPAM waxay muujinaysaa faa'iidooyin gaar ah oo ku saabsan daaweynta biyaha ee gaarka ah. Dhammaadkii 2023, Dow Chemical waxay soo bandhigtay taxane NPAM oo xasaasi u ah pH kaas oo si toos ah u hagaajiya fidinta silsiladda molecular gudaha pH 2-12, taasoo hagaajinaysa hufnaanta qabashada adkaha nano-scale ee la hakiyey 3-5 jeer. Tiknoolajiyaddan si guul leh ayaa loogu adeegsaday diyaarinta biyaha aadka u saafiga ah ee warshadaha semiconductor-ka, iyadoo la gaaray heerarka tayada biyaha ee 18.2 MΩ·cm.
Cilmi-baarayaasha Kuuriyada Koonfureed waxay sameeyeen NPAM-ka iftiinka-burbursan ee la arki karo iyagoo soo bandhigaya cutubyo qaab-dhismeed azobenzene ah. Polymer-yada haraaga ah waxay u libdhi karaan isku-dhisyo yaryar oo molecule ah 48 saacadood gudahood iyadoo la adeegsanayo iftiin dabiici ah, taasoo si buuxda u xallinaysa arrimaha haraaga PAM ee dhaqameed. Tiknoolajiyaddan waxaa lagu tijaabiyay warshadaha biyaha la cabbo ee Seoul, iyadoo la filayo in ganacsi ahaan la sameeyo 2025.
II. Dhaqdhaqaaqa Suuqa iyo Horumarka Gobolka
1. Isbeddellada Muuqaalka Suuqa Adduunka
Gobolka Aasiya-Baasifigga ayaa noqday suuqa ugu kobaca badan ee PAM, kaasoo ka dhigan 46% isticmaalka adduunka sannadkii 2023, iyadoo Shiinuhu uu gacan ka geystay kobaca ugu badan. Xogta laga helay Xiriirka Warshadaha Saliidda iyo Kiimikada ee Shiinaha ayaa muujineysa in wax soo saarka PAM ee Shiinaha uu gaaray 920,000 tan sannadkii 2023, iyadoo soo dejinta ay ilaalinayso heerka kobaca sanadlaha ah ee 15% - gaar ahaan alaabada CPAM ee heerka sare ah, halkaas oo ku tiirsanaanta soo dejinta ay weli sarreyso ilaa 40%.
Suuqa Yurub wuxuu muujinayaa isbeddello kala duwan. Iyada oo ay ku saleysan yihiin xeerar adag oo deegaanka ah, alaabada PAM ee baaba'aya ayaa kordhisay saamiga suuqa laga bilaabo 8% sannadkii 2020 ilaa 22% sannadkii 2023. Veolia oo Faransiis ah ayaa ku dhawaaqday qorshe ay si buuxda ugu beddeli doonto CPAM-ka dhaqameed beddelaadaha cagaaran sannadka 2026.
Suuqa Waqooyiga Ameerika, oo ay wadaan horumarinta gaaska shale, ayaa sii wada baahida xooggan ee APAM. Soo dejinta PAM ee Mareykanka ayaa kor u kacday 18% sannadkii 2023, iyadoo 60% loo isticmaalay daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah ee saliidda iyo gaaska. Waxaa xusid mudan in Mexico ay soo baxday xarun wax soo saar cusub, iyadoo shirkado badan oo caalami ah ay aasaaseen saldhigyo wax soo saar maxalli ah.
2. Qiimaha iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqa Silsiladda Sahayda
Laga soo bilaabo 2023 ilaa 2024, suuqyada alaabta ceeriin ee PAM waxay la kulmeen isbeddello muhiim ah. Qiimaha Acrylamide monomer wuxuu gaaray heerkii ugu sarreeyay ee taariikhiga ahaa rubuci saddexaad ee 2023 laakiin wuxuu ku soo laabtay heerar macquul ah rubuci labaad ee 2024 iyadoo Shiinuhu uu ku daray awood wax soo saar cusub. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qiimaha cationic reagent DMC (methacryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) ayaa sii kordhayay sababtoo ah sahayda oksaydhka propylene ee kor ku xusan oo cidhiidhi ah, taasoo kordhisay kharashka wax soo saarka CPAM 12-15%.
Marka laga hadlayo silsiladaha sahayda, hoggaamiyeyaasha warshadaha ayaa dardar geliyay isdhexgalka toosan. Solvay Group waxay ku maalgelisay €300 milyan saldhig wax soo saar oo isku dhafan oo cusub oo ku yaal Belgium, taasoo suurtogalinaysa wax soo saarka habka oo dhan laga bilaabo acrylonitrile ilaa alaabada kama dambaysta ah. Iyadoo la filayo in la bilaabo 2025, tani waxay yareyn doontaa kharashyada dhammaystiran 20%. Shirkadaha yaryar iyo kuwa dhexdhexaadka ah waxay u wareegeen takhasuska - tusaale ahaan, Italmatch-ka Talyaaniga wuxuu diiradda saaray horumarinta qaacidooyinka gaarka ah ee APAM ee nadiifinta biyaha badda.
Waqtiga boostada: Maajo-09-2025