Sannadka 2025, warshadaha dahaarka ayaa si xawli ah u gaaraya yoolalka laba geesoodka ah ee "isbeddelka cagaaran" iyo "kor u qaadista waxqabadka." Goobaha dahaarka ee heerka sare ah sida gaadiidka baabuurta iyo tareenka, dahaarka biyaha ayaa ka soo ifbaxay "ikhtiyaarada kale" una gudbay "xulashooyinka caadiga ah" iyada oo ay ugu wacan tahay qiiqa VOC ee hooseeya, badbaadada, iyo sun la'aanta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si loo daboolo baahiyaha xaaladaha codsiga adag (tusaale ahaan, qoyaan badan iyo daxalka xooggan) iyo shuruudaha sare ee isticmaalayaasha ee cimri dhererka iyo shaqeynta dahaarka, horumarka tignoolajiyada ee dahaarka polyurethane (WPU) ee biyaha ku jira ayaa sii socda. Sannadka 2025, hal-abuurka warshadaha ee hagaajinta qaacidada, wax-ka-beddelka kiimikada, iyo naqshadeynta shaqada ayaa ku shubay firfircooni cusub qaybtan.
Xoojinta Nidaamka Aasaasiga ah: Laga bilaabo "Hagaajinta Saamiga" ilaa "Hadhaaga Waxqabadka"
Maadaama ay tahay "hoggaamiyaha waxqabadka" ee dahaarka biyaha ee hadda jira, polyurethane-ka biyaha ee laba-qaybood leh (WB 2K-PUR) wuxuu wajahayaa caqabad muhiim ah: dheellitirka saamiga iyo waxqabadka nidaamyada polyol. Sannadkan, kooxaha cilmi-baaristu waxay sameeyeen sahan qoto dheer oo ku saabsan saamaynta isku-dhafka ah ee polyether polyol (PTMEG) iyo polyester polyol (P1012).
Dhaqan ahaan, polyol-ka polyester-ka wuxuu xoojiyaa xoogga farsamada iyo cufnaanta dahaarka sababtoo ah isku-xidhka haydarojiinada isku-dhafan ee cufan, laakiin ku-darka xad-dhaafka ah wuxuu yareeyaa iska caabbinta biyaha sababtoo ah hydrophilicity-ka xooggan ee kooxaha ester-ka. Tijaabooyinku waxay xaqiijiyeen in marka P1012 ay tahay 40% (g/g) nidaamka polyol-ka, "dheelitir dahab ah" la gaaro: xidhmooyinka haydarojiinku waxay kordhiyaan cufnaanta isku-xirka jirka iyada oo aan lahayn hydrophilicity xad-dhaaf ah, taasoo wanaajisa waxqabadka dhammaystiran ee dahaarka - oo ay ku jiraan iska caabbinta buufinta milixda, iska caabbinta biyaha, iyo xoogga jiidista. Gunaanadkani wuxuu bixiyaa hagitaan cad oo ku saabsan naqshadaynta qaacidada aasaasiga ah ee WB 2K-PUR, gaar ahaan xaaladaha sida qaybaha birta ee baabuurta iyo baabuurta tareenka ee u baahan waxqabadka farsamada iyo iska caabbinta daxalka labadaba.
"Isku-darka Adkaanta iyo Dabacsanaanta": Wax-ka-beddelka Kiimikada wuxuu Furayaa Xuduudo Cusub oo Shaqeynaya
In kasta oo hagaajinta saamiga aasaasiga ah ay tahay "hagaajin fiican," haddana wax ka beddelka kiimikada wuxuu matalaa "boodbood tayo leh" oo loogu talagalay polyurethane-ka biyaha ku jira. Laba waddo oo wax ka beddel ah ayaa soo ifbaxay sanadkan:
Wadada 1aad: Kobcinta Isku-dhafka ah iyadoo la adeegsanayo Polysiloxane iyo Terpene Derivatives
Isku-darka polysiloxane-tamarta dusha sare ee hooseeya (PMMS) iyo derivatives-ka hydrophobic terpene waxay WPU siisaa sifooyin laba-geesood ah oo ah "superhydrophobicity + adkaansho sare." Cilmi-baarayaashu waxay diyaariyeen polysiloxane-ka-joojinta hydroxyl (PMMS) iyagoo isticmaalaya 3-mercaptopropylmethyldimethoxysilane iyo octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, ka dibna waxay ku tallaaleen isobornyl acrylate (oo ah nooc ka mid ah camphene-ka laga soo qaatay biomass) silsiladaha dhinaca PMMS iyada oo loo marayo fal-celinta gujinta thiol-ene ee UV-ku bilowday si loo sameeyo polysiloxane-ku-saleysan terpene (PMMS-I).
WPU-da wax laga beddelay waxay muujisay horumar la taaban karo: xagasha taabashada biyaha ee taagan ayaa ka booday 70.7° ilaa 101.2° (oo u dhow sida caleenta lotus oo kale oo superhydrophobicity ah), nuugista biyuhu waxay hoos uga dhacday 16.0% ilaa 6.9%, xoogga jiidistana wuxuu ka kacay 4.70MPa ilaa 8.82MPa sababtoo ah qaab-dhismeedka giraanta terpene ee adag. Falanqaynta thermogravimetric ayaa sidoo kale muujisay xasillooni kuleyl oo la xoojiyay. Tiknoolajiyaddani waxay bixisaa xal isku dhafan oo "ka-hortagga wasakhda + u adkaysta cimilada" oo loogu talagalay qaybaha dibadda ee gaadiidka tareenka sida looxyada saqafka iyo goonnada dhinaca.
Wadada 2aad: Isku-xidhka Polyimine wuxuu awood u siinayaa Tiknoolajiyadda "Is-bogsiinta"
Is-bogsiinta ayaa soo baxday iyadoo ah tiknoolajiyad caan ah oo ku jirta dahaarka, cilmi-baarista sanadkanna waxay ku dartay waxqabadka farsamada ee WPU si loo gaaro laba horumar oo ku saabsan "waxqabad sare + awoodda is-bogsiinta." WPU oo isku xiran oo lagu diyaariyey polybutylene glycol (PTMG), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), iyo polyimine (PEI) oo ah isku-xidhka ayaa muujiyay sifooyin farsamo oo cajiib ah: xoogga jiidista ee 17.12MPa iyo dheereynta marka la jabiyo 512.25% (oo u dhow dabacsanaanta caagga).
Muhiimad ahaan, waxay ku guulaysataa bogsiin buuxda 24 saacadood gudahood heerkul ah 30°C—waxay soo kabanaysaa xoog jilicsan oo 3.26MPa ah iyo 450.94% dheerayn ka dib dayactirka. Tani waxay ka dhigaysaa mid aad ugu habboon qaybaha xoqan sida bamka baabuurta iyo gudaha gaadiidka tareenka, taasoo si weyn hoos ugu dhigaysa kharashyada dayactirka.
"Xakamaynta Sirdoonka Nanoscale": "Kacaan Dusha Sare" oo loogu talagalay Dahaarka Ka-hortagga Faleebada
Ka-hortagga sawir-gacmeedka iyo nadiifinta fudud ayaa ah baahiyaha ugu muhiimsan ee dahaarka sare. Sannadkan, dahaarka u adkaysta wasakhda (NP-GLIDE) oo ku salaysan "nanopools-ka PDMS ee dareeraha ah" ayaa soo jiitay dareenka. Mabda'a asaasiga ah wuxuu ku lug leeyahay in silsiladaha dhinaca ee polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) lagu tallaalo laf-dhabarta polyol-ka ee biyaha ku kala firdhi kara iyada oo loo marayo polyol-g-PDMS, taasoo samaynaysa "nanopools" ka yar 30nm dhexroor.
Kobcinta PDMS ee nanopools-kan waxay siinaysaa dahaarka dusha sare ee "dareere u eg" - dhammaan dareerayaasha tijaabada ah ee leh xiisad dusha sare oo ka sarreysa 23mN/m (tusaale ahaan, qaxwada, wasakhda saliidda) way simbiriirixanayaan iyagoon lahayn calaamado. Inkasta oo ay adag tahay 3H (oo u dhow galaaska caadiga ah), dahaarka ayaa ilaaliya waxqabad aad u fiican oo ka hortagga wasakhda.
Intaa waxaa dheer, istiraatiijiyad ka hortagta sawir-gacmeedka "caqabad jireed + nadiifin fudud" ayaa la soo jeediyay: in la soo bandhigo qalabka IPDI trimer-ka polyisocyanate-ka ku salaysan HDT si loo xoojiyo cufnaanta filimka loona hortago gelitaanka sawir-gacmeedka, iyadoo la xakameynayo socdaalka qaybaha silicone/fluorine si loo hubiyo tamar dusha sare oo hooseeya oo waarta. Iyada oo lagu daray DMA (Falanqaynta Mechanical-ka Dynamic) si loo hubiyo xakamaynta cufnaanta iskutallaabta saxda ah iyo XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy) si loo garto socdaalka is-dhexgalka, tikniyoolajiyadani waxay diyaar u tahay warshadaynta waxaana la filayaa inay noqoto halbeeg cusub oo loogu talagalay ka-hortagga wasakhaynta rinjiga baabuurta iyo dahaarka alaabada 3C.
Gunaanad
Sannadka 2025, tiknoolajiyada dahaarka WPU waxay ka guuraysaa "hagaajinta hal-waxqabadka" una guuraysaa "is-dhexgal badan oo shaqeynaya." Hadday tahay iyada oo loo marayo hagaajinta qaacidada aasaasiga ah, horumarka wax-ka-beddelka kiimikada, ama hal-abuurka naqshadeynta shaqada, macquulka asaasiga ah wuxuu ku wareegsan yahay isku-darka "saaxiibtinimada deegaanka" iyo "waxqabadka sare." Warshadaha sida gaadiidka baabuurta iyo tareenada, horumarkan tignoolajiyadeed ma aha oo kaliya inuu kordhiyo cimriga dahaarka oo uu yareeyo kharashyada dayactirka laakiin sidoo kale wuxuu horseedaa casriyeyn laba-geesood ah oo ku saabsan "wax-soo-saarka cagaaran" iyo "khibrad isticmaale oo heer sare ah."
Waqtiga boostada: Noofambar-14-2025