Polyurethane waa walax kiimiko cusub oo muhiim ah. Sababtoo ah waxqabadkeeda wanaagsan iyo isticmaalkeeda kala duwan, waxaa loo yaqaanaa "balaastigga shanaad ee ugu weyn". Laga bilaabo alaabta guriga, dharka, ilaa gaadiidka, dhismaha, isboortiga, iyo dhismaha hawada iyo difaaca qaranka, agabka polyurethane ee meel walba yaal waa wakiillo cusub oo kiimiko cusub ah iyo taageero muhiim ah oo loogu talagalay dalkayga si aan u dhiso waddan awood leh.
Ka dib in ka badan 20 sano oo horumar degdeg ah laga sameeyay warshadaha walxaha ceeriin ee polyurethane, waxay muujisay isbeddel laga bilaabo mugga ilaa tayada. Tiknoolajiyadda wax soo saarka iyo awoodda wax soo saarka ee isocyanate ayaa kaalinta koowaad ka gashay adduunka. Waxay gashay xilli horumarin tignoolajiyadeed oo gashay horumar tayo sare leh. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, Shiinuhu wuxuu noqday saldhigga wax soo saarka ee polyurethane ee ugu weyn adduunka, iyo sidoo kale gobolka ugu dhammaystiran ee codsiyada polyurethane.
Iyada oo ah wax lagu daro muhiim u ah polyurethane, wakiilada ballaarinta polyurethane waa walxo ka fal celin kara falcelinta kooxda shaqaynaysa ee silsiladda polymer-ka khadka si loo ballaariyo silsiladda molecular-ka loona kordhiyo miisaanka molecular-ka. Waa walax aan lagama maarmaan u ah soo saarista alaabooyin badan oo polyurethane ah. Marka la samaynayo walxaha polyurethane, wakiilada ballaarinta polyurethane waxay gaari karaan laba falcelin kiimiko ah: ballaarin iyo isku xidhnaan si loo gaaro wax soo saar tayo sare leh oo polyurethane ah, sida kor u qaadista adkeysiga, dabacsanaanta, iyo heerka jeexjeexa ee alaabada walxaha polyurethane, iyo heerka jeexjeexa. Fiisigiska iyo waxqabadka kiimikada ee dhammaystiran ee iska caabbinta heerkulka, iska caabbinta saliidda, iska caabbinta cimilada iyo iska caabbinta miridhka.
Doorka iyo kala-soocidda wakiilka ballaarinta silsiladda polyurethane
Wakiilka fidinta Polyurethane waxa loola jeedaa isku-dhafka amine-ka molecular-ka hooseeya iyo isku-dhafka khamriga ee ka kooban laba kooxood oo shaqeynaya, kuwaas oo soo saari kara polymer nooca xariiqda ah iyada oo loo marayo falcelinta fidinta silsiladda. Iyadoo la adeegsanayo wakiillo ballaarin silsilado kala duwan, ama la beddelayo qaacidada fidinta silsiladda, falcelinta kiimikada ee heerarka kala duwan ayaa la gaaraa, walxaha polyurethane-na waxaa la soo saaraa iyadoo la adeegsanayo shuruudaha waxqabadka kala duwan.
Doorka wakiilada fidinta silsiladda polyurethane ee falcelinta isku-darka polyurethane waxaa inta badan ka mid ah:
(1) Wakiilka fidinta silsiladda Polyurethane wuxuu leeyahay koox astaan u ah (kooxda amino iyo hydroxyl) oo samayn karta falgallo kiimiko ah oo leh isocyanate. Miisaanka molecular-ka iyo falcelinta firfircoon waxay ka dhigi karaan nidaamka falgalka polyurethane inuu si dhakhso ah u ballaariyo ama u adkeeyo, soo saaro xariiq leh miisaan molecular oo weyn Molecules-ku waxay leeyihiin waxqabadka polymer-ka.
(2) Qalabka fidinta silsiladaha kala duwan waxay leeyihiin falcelin kala duwan. Adigoo isticmaalaya noocyo kala duwan oo wakiillo ballaarin silsilad ah iyo qiyaasta, hagaaji isku-dhafka falgalka, molecules-ka iyo qaab-dhismeedka qaab-dhismeedka si aad ula qabsato wax soo saarka polyurethane iyo alaabada nidaamyada kala duwan iyo shuruudaha tayada.
(3) Wakaaladaha kala duwan ee ballaarinta polyurethane waxay siin karaan sifooyin kala duwan polyurethane, qaar ka mid ah qaab-dhismeedka kooxeed ee astaamaha ah ee molecules-ka fidinta silsiladda ayaa lagu soo bandhigayaa silsiladda ugu weyn ee polyurethane, taas oo saameysa farsamada iyo waxqabadka kiimikada ee dhammaystiran ee polyurethane, sida xoogga iyo iska caabbinta xoqidda, daalka ka hortagga-dejinta, iska caabbinta heerkulka, iska caabbinta cimilada, iska caabbinta saliidda, iska caabbinta daxalka, iwm.
Wakiilada ballaarinta Polyurethane guud ahaan waxaa loo qaybiyaa amine, alkohol, iyo alkohol. Laga soo bilaabo isticmaalka nidaamyada habka iyo qaab-dhismeedka waxqabadka, ballaarinta iyo diol waxay inta badan ku salaysan yihiin nidaamka habka iyo qaab-dhismeedka waxqabadka. Wakiilada fidinta silsiladda nooca-dilate-ka ah ee dhaqameed sida ethylene glycol, 1,4-butanol, iyo dihydramol hal-yar, iwm., waxay leeyihiin waxqabad xaddidan oo ku saabsan alaabada polyurethane, waana wakiilada fidinta silsiladda caadiga ah. Wakiilka fidinta silsiladda oo leh waxqabadka muuqda ee walxaha polyurethane inta badan waa labada qaybood: dihanramine aromatic iyo diol aromatic. Waxaa loo yaqaan wakiilka fidinta silsiladda waxqabadka sare leh. Waxaa lagu gartaa giraan adag oo benzene ah. Awood, iska caabin xoqid, iska caabin dhexdhexaad ah iyo sifooyin kale.
Wakiilka fidinta diharamine ee udgoonku maaha oo kaliya wax lagu daro muhiim ah oo loogu talagalay walxaha taxanaha laastikada ee polyurethane ee macmal ah. Wakiilka fidinta silsiladda polyurethane ee ugu ballaaran, ugu xun, uguna weyn ee waxqabadka sare leh.
Jidhyada laastikada ah ee polyurethane-ka ee shubaya waxaa guud ahaan lagu hagaajiyaa farsamo laba-tallaabo ah, taas oo ah, kuwa aan horay loo samayn, ka dibna lagu rakibayo wakiillo ballaarin silsilad ah si loo adkeeyo. Iyada oo ku xidhan nooca isocyanate, prefabricated waxaa si qiyaas ah loogu qaybin karaa noocyada TDI iyo MDI. Marka la barbardhigo labada, dhaqdhaqaaqa falcelinta hore ee TDI waa mid hooseeya, waxaana inta badan la jaanqaadaa wakiilada fidinta silsiladda amine ee aadka u firfircoon; Dhaqdhaqaaqa falcelinta ee prefabricated MDI waa mid sarreeya, iyo wakiilka fidinta silsiladda ku salaysan hydroxy oo leh shaabad firfircoon oo hoose oo ku salaysan hydroxyl. Sida waafaqsan shuruudaha xaaladaha isticmaalka iyo waxqabadka badeecada, waxaa si gaar ah muhiim u ah in la doorto wakiilka fidinta silsiladda ku habboon ka dib xulashada ka dib nooca isocyanate.
Noocyada badeecadaha ballaarinta silsiladda polyurethane ee waxqabadka sare leh iyo astaamaha codsiga
2.1 Wakiilka fidinta silsiladda ugu weyn ee arammer dihan amine
Iyada oo ay ugu wacan tahay waxqabadkeeda wanaagsan iyo tayada tayo sare leh, wakiilka fidinta dihamine ee udgoonka leh waa wakiilka fidinta silsiladda ugu badan uguna isticmaalka badan ee walxaha laastikada polyurethane.
Walaacyada fidinta dianramine ee aromatic-ka ee badanaa la isticmaalo waxaa ka mid ah 3, 3′-dichlori-4, 4′-diodes (MOCA: nooca I, nooca Ⅱ, iska caabbinta heerkulka sare, iwm.), 1,3-propylene glycol Double (4-amino benzoate) (740m), 4,4′-sub-base-double (3-chlorine-2,6-diecene aniline) (M-CDEA), polyphamoreethyl ether Diol two-pair aminbenzoate (P-1000, P-650, P-250, iwm.), 3,5-two ethylene torneramine (DETDA, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan E-100), 3,5-diracle Sulfenylene (DMTDA, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan E-300) iyo alaabooyin kale.
Dulmar guud oo ku saabsan sifooyinka codsiga iyo horumarinta alaabta ugu muhiimsan waa sida soo socota:
Wakiilka fidinta silsiladda MOCA waa wakiilka fidinta silsiladda waxqabadka sare leh ee ugu horreeya ee xirfadleyda ah ee lagu maalgeliyo wax soo saarka warshadaha ee dalkayga. Waa xaalad adag heerkulka qolka. Waxay leedahay astaamaha alaabada polyurethane ee loo isticmaali karo marka la eego badbaadada iyo sahlanaanta, taas oo buuxin karta astaamaha qeexitaannada iyo qaababka kala duwan. Dabacsanaanta polyurethanes waa mid aad u xoog badan, dib u soo celin sare leh, u adkaysta xirashada sare leh, iska caabin gardarro ah, iska caabin daxalka iyo sifooyin kale oo dhammaystiran. Waxay samayn kartaa badeecooyin cabbirkoodu weyn yahay. Waa waxqabad dhammaystiran oo ah wakiilada fidinta udgoonka leh ee balaadha. Tan iyo markii la sameeyay DuPont 1950-meeyadii, MOCA waxay haysatay boos muhiim ah oo ku saabsan dabacsanaanta polyurethane. Hadda waa wakiilka fidinta silsiladda polyurethane ee ugu weyn. Xitaa waa mid aan laga maarmi karin goobta shubidda dabacsanaanta polyurethane. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, soosaarayaasha MOCA ee caanka ah ee Shiinaha waa: Suzhou Xiangyuan New Materials Co., Ltd. (Shirkadda Kiimikada ee Jiangsu Xiangyuan oo hoos timaada), Huaibei Xingguang New Material Technology Co., Ltd., Shandong Chongshun New Material Technology Co., Ltd. Hua Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. (oo hore u ahaan jirtay Binhai Mingsheng Chemical Co., Ltd.), Chizhou Tianci High-tech Materials Co., Ltd., marka lagu daro, waxaa jira Taiwan Shuangbang Industrial Co., Ltd., Taiwan Sanhuang Co., Ltd., iyo Katshan Kohshan Perfect Industry Co., Ltd.
Sannadihii ugu dambeeyay, iyadoo ay hoggaaminayaan shirkadaha Shiinaha, tignoolajiyada wax soo saarka ee MOCA ayaa si isa soo taraysa u horumartay. Tusaale ahaan, Xiangyuan New Materials waxay ka gudubtay dhibaatada caafimaadka shaqada shaqaalaha, wasakhowga daran, iyo xasillooni la'aanta ku saabsan wax soo saarka kala go'a ee hydrogenation ee hydrogenation ee hydrogenation. Habka joogtada ah wuxuu kiciyaa hydrogenation ee acoustic-ka saafiga ah iyo hababka wax soo saarka MOCA, xaqiijinta otomaatiga, si buuxda u xiran, wax soo saarka cagaaran, xaqiijinta dareerayaasha, bilaa boodhka, yaraynta isticmaalka tamarta iyo qiiqa eber. Qalabka wax soo saarka ee MOCA ee joogtada ah wuxuu noqday soo saaraha wax soo saarka ee wakiilka ballaarinta silsiladda polyurethane ee caanka ah.
Intaa waxaa dheer, Xiangyuan New Materials waxay sidoo kale soo saartay wakiilada ballaarinta silsiladda taxanaha Xylink740M iyo Xylink P, iyagoo ogaaday warshadaynta taxanahan alaabada, iyagoo dhiirrigelinaya soosaarayaasha walxaha polyurethane si loo hagaajiyo tayada, loo yareeyo kharashyada, loona ballaariyo codsiyada.
2.2 Wakiilka fidinta diol ee caraf udgoonka ugu weyn
Wakiilada fidinta diol ee aromatic-ka ee badanaa la isticmaalo waxaa ka mid ah ether-phenyl-phenolic hydroxyxyl-based (HQEE), interciphenylbenols, hydroxyl ether (HER), iyo isku darka phenolic pyrodhenol ee ku salaysan hydroxyethyl (HQEE-L), isku darka Hydroxyethylhhexybenol (HER-L), iwm., waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa walxaha polyurethane ee nidaamyada habka MDI, kaas oo ah wakiil ballaarin silsilad aan sun ahayn oo nooca wasakhowga ah. Dulmar guud ee sifooyinka codsiga iyo horumarinta alaabada ugu muhiimsan waa sida soo socota:
Wakiilka fidinta silsiladda HQEE waa wakiil ballaarinta diol udgoon oo qaab-dhismeedka molecular ah. Waa walax adag, aan sun ahayn, aan wasakhayn, oo xanaaq badan. Waxay leedahay iswaafajin wanaagsan oo MDI ah waxayna si wax ku ool ah u dheereyn kartaa cimriga maaddada. Xiangyuan New Materials waxay soo saartay wakiilada fidinta silsiladda taxanaha HQEE, HER, Xylink HQEE-L, Xylinkher-L. Tayadu way ka sarreysaa alaabada la midka ah ee gudaha iyo dibadda, alaabadana waxaa lagu iibiyaa gudaha iyo dibadda.
2.3 Wakaaladaha kale ee ballaarinta silsiladda udgoonka leh ee leh waxqabad gaar ah
Iyadoo ay soo badanayaan beeraha polyurethane ee soo baxaya, wakiilada cusub ee ballaarinta polyurethane iyo tiknoolajiyada codsiga ayaa si joogto ah loo dhiirrigeliyay si loo daboolo baahida suuqa polyurethane. Shirkadaha wax soo saarka waxay soo saareen noocyo kala duwan oo ah wakiilada ballaarinta silsiladda udgoonka waxqabadka gaarka ah.
Tianmen Winterine (DMD230) waa balaarin silsilad ah oo ka kooban laba bir oo amino ah oo aan lahayn, kaas oo loo isticmaalo diyaarinta dahaarka aan lahayn dareeraha ama adag ee adag. Marka la barbardhigo buufinta polyettes-ka caadiga ah, badeecadu waxay leedahay jawaab celin dhexdhexaad ah, waxqabad hawlgal oo wanaagsan, hufnaan dhisme oo wanaagsan, iyo waxqabad dhammaystiran oo badeecadeed oo heer sare ah. Waxay leedahay dhalaal wanaagsan iyo saameyn muuqata oo leh polycoges diyaarinta polycisotripocyanate oo dufan leh, dabacsanaan wanaagsan iyo sifooyin farsamo, isbeddelo jaalle ah oo jaalle ah, iska caabin wanaagsan oo daxalka ah, iska caabin cimilo oo wanaagsan, iyo ilaalin dheer. Marka lagu daro buundooyinka, godadka, iyo noocyada kala duwan ee sagxadaha iyo calaamadaha waddooyinka, waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa codsiyada heerka sare ah sida dahaarka ilaalinta iyo dahaarka maqaarka ee diyaaradaha quwadda dabaysha. Wax soo saarka warshadaha iyo kor u qaadista badeecadani waxay gacan ka geysan doontaa horumarinta tayada sare ee dahaarka.
Kala firdhinta (311) ee isku-dhafka diharamine-ka udgoonka leh iyo sodium chloride (311) waa nooc ka mid ah isku-darka diharamine-ka udgoonka leh iyo milixda aan organic ahayn. Waxaa lagu dari karaa noocyo kala duwan oo polyurethane pre-polystants ah heerkulka qolka. Waxay si gaar ah ugu habboon tahay qaababka adag ama kuwa waaweyn. Badeecadaha aagga, microwave-ka oo la shido, iyo munaasabadaha kale ee u baahan waqti dheer oo shaqeynaya, ayaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa sidii wakiil bogsiin ah oo loogu talagalay epoxy resin. Badeecadaha la midka ah waxaa ka mid ah Caytur 31DA ee Mareykanka, Xylink 311, Xiangyuan New Materials.
Walxaha kale ee lagu daaweeyo biyaha hoostooda sida oxidazole, ketone amine, iwm. waxay yareyn karaan suurtagalnimada dahaarka ama alaabada kale si ay u soo saaraan xumbo fasalka dhexe ee daaweynta, waxayna sidoo kale leedahay meel lagu horumarin karo.
Xaaladda horumarinta ee wakiilada ballaarinta silsiladda polyurethane
Warshadaha ballaarinta polyurethane ee dalkaygu waxay leeyihiin aasaas horumarineed oo daciif ah. Waagii hore, suuqa ballaarinta silsiladda polyurethane ee gudaha waxaa had iyo jeer gacanta ku hayay shirkado caalami ah. Tan iyo markii uu soo galay qarnigan, koox shirkado ballaarinta silsiladda polyurethane ee maxalliga ah oo ay matalaan Xiangyuan New Materials ayaa si guul leh u jebiyay monopoliyada shisheeye ka dib sannado badan oo cilmi baaris & horumarin iyo ururin tignoolajiyadeed ah. Qaar ka mid ah alaabada ballaarinta silsiladda polyurethane ee dalkayga ayaa gaaray heerka alaabada caalamiga ah ee la midka ah.
Maadaama uu yahay wakiilka ballaarinta amine polyurethane ee ugu ballaaran, habka wax soo saarka MOCA waa mid bisil, deggan, dhexdhexaad ah, oo ku habboon jawaab celinta. Dhinaca ku shubidda jirka dabacsan ee codsiyada hoose, gaar ahaan nidaamka TDI, tiro badan oo alaab polyurethane ah ayaa ururiyay tiro badan oo qaacidooyin bisil oo ah alaabta polyurethane qaacidada qaan-gaarka ah ee Essence MOCA xasilloonida iyo shaqeynta ayaa la tijaabiyay ka dib sannado badan oo suuqa iyo dhaqanka macaamiisha ah. Qiimaha waa mid aad u sarreeya. Ka dib sannado badan oo la isticmaalay, caqabad gaar ah ayaa la sameeyay. Waxay leedahay door aan la beddeli karin, goobta codsigana si joogto ah ayay u sii fidaysaa.
Maamulka Kiimikada Yurub, oo ah hay'ad mas'uul ka ah shahaadada EU Reach, ayaa soo saartay warbixin Noofambar 30, 2017. Ka dib markii la barbar dhigay khataraha badbaadada, waxqabadka, iyo kharashyada qiimaha, waxay soo jeedisay in dhinaca jirka polyurethane ee laastikada ah, tayada badeecada MOCA Waxqabadka, waxtarka kharashka iyo faa'iidooyinka kale ay yihiin kuwo aad u fiican, mana jiraan wax beddel ah oo hadda jira.
Warshadaha ballaarinta polyurethane ee Shiinaha ayaa bilaabmay goor dambe. Waagii hore, sababtoo ah heerka tiknoolajiyada wax soo saarka oo hooseeya, agabka ceeriin ee taageerada oo daciif ah, iyo hibada cilmi-baarista iyo horumarinta oo aan ku filnayn, suuqa ballaarinta silsiladda polyurethane ee gudaha ayaa loo maamulay shirkadaha caalamiga ah. Ilaa 1990-meeyadii, tiro ka mid ah soosaarayaasha ballaarinta silsiladda polyurethane ee gudaha ayaa si guul leh u jebiyay koontaroolka tignoolajiyada shisheeye ka dib sannado badan oo cilmi-baaris iyo ururin farsamo ah, waxqabadka qaar ka mid ah alaabada wakiillada ballaarinta silsiladda polyurethane waxay gaareen heerka alaabada caalamiga ah ee la midka ah. Gaar ahaan, agabka cusub ee Xiangyuan ayaa hormuud ka ahaa dhismaha qalab wax soo saar MOCA oo joogto ah oo 10,000-tan ah. Tayada badeecadaha iyo heerka farsamo waxay gaareen heerka hormuudka adduunka ee horumarsan iyo kan gudaha. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, soosaarayaasha MOCA ee gudaha waxay awoodeen inay buuxiyaan shuruudaha ionamine-ka bilaashka ah. MOCA-ga weyn iyo MOCA-ga huruudka ah ee heerkulka sare leh ee alaabada taxanaha MOCA waxaa doorbiday warshadaha polyurethane.
"Qorshaha Shanta Sano ee Labaad ee Qorshaha Shanta Sano ee Labaad ee Warshadaha Polyurethane wuxuu soo jeedinayaa in marka laga soo tago ballaarinta baaxadda wax soo saarka ee ballaarinta silsiladda tayada sare leh ee MOCA, kor u qaadista iyo adeegsiga wakiillada ballaarinta silsiladda cusub ee MCDEA, E-100, HER, HQEE iyo alaabada kale waa in la kordhiyaa. Iyada oo lagu saleynayo alaabada taxanaha MOCA, iyadoo la kala duwanaanayo agabka polyurethane iyo alaabada, alaabada kale ee ballaarinta silsiladda cusub ayaa sidoo kale soo baxay, iyagoo samaynaya qaab kala duwan oo leh alaabada MOCA.
Iyadoo la horumarinayo cilmi-baarista iyo horumarinta tignoolajiyada, alaabada cusub ee wakiilada ballaarinta silsiladda udgoonka ee waxqabadka sare leh waxay leeyihiin faa'iidooyin gaar ah oo ku saabsan xawaaraha jawaab celinta, iska caabbinta heerkulka sare, hawlgalka, badbaadada iyo ilaalinta deegaanka. Codsigu si tartiib tartiib ah ayuu u bislaaday, tirada codsiguna way sii kordheysaa. Tusaale ahaan, P-1000, P650, P250, 740M, sababtoo ah astaamaha cagaaran, deegaanka u fiican, iyo kuwa aan sunta ahayn, ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah u furay suuqa codsiga meelo badan. Sannadihii ugu dambeeyay, iyadoo la horumarinayo iyo koritaanka nidaamka MDI ee deegaanka u fiican, cabbirka isticmaalka ee wakiilada fidinta udgoonka diol ee waxqabadka sare leh sida HQEE iyo HER oo leh si ka wanaagsan oo la jaanqaadaya nidaamka MDI ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah u kordhay, taasoo siisay dabacsanaan polyurethane heer sare ah oo jirka ah waxqabadyo gaar ah sida iska caabbinta kulaylka iyo xoogga jeexjeexa. Marka laga soo tago soo saarista alaabada daadinta, waxay sidoo kale soo saari kartaa alaabada elastomic thermoplastic ee waxqabadka sare leh, kuwaas oo la yareyn karo. Meelaha codsiga ee leh shuruudaha waxqabadka sare ee walxaha polyurethane ee wadamada horumaray iyo qaar ka mid ah walxaha polyurethane, wakiilada fidinta silsiladaha sida 740m, HQEE, HER ayaa sii xoojinaya codsiga. Wakiilka cusub ee ballaarinta silsiladda ayaa kala duwanaa faa'iidooyinka kala-qaybinta gaarka ah, heerka farsamo ahaanna waa mid aad u sarreeya. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, suuqa gudaha ayaa wali ku jira marxaladda dallacaadda codsiyada.
Qaab-dhismeedka horumarinta warshadaha ballaarinta silsiladda polyurethane
Warshadaha polyurethane ee Waqooyiga Ameerika iyo Galbeedka Yurub waxay urursadeen tobanaan sano oo horumar ah. Warshaduhu waxay leeyihiin awood farsamo oo xooggan warshadaha, suuquna waa mid bisil. Isla mar ahaantaana, macaamiisha meelahan waxay leeyihiin shuruudo waxqabad oo sarreeya oo loogu talagalay alaabada polyurethane, baahida loo qabo wakiilada ballaarinta silsiladaha cusubna way ka dhakhso badan tahay MOCA. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, waddamada horumaray sida Yurub iyo Mareykanka ayaa qaata qaybta ugu weyn ee baahida loo qabo wakiilada ballaarinta silsiladaha cusub.
Isticmaalka badan ee polyurethane ee gobolka Aasiya-Baasifigga iyo waddamada kale ee soo koraya ayaa noqonaya xoogga ugu weyn ee kiciya baahida polyurethane ee adduunka. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah gobolka Aasiya-Baasifigga oo horeyba u ahaa suuqa macaamiisha polyurethane ee ugu weyn adduunka, taasoo ka dhigan qiyaastii 48% saamiyada suuqa adduunka; waddamada kale ee soo koraya sida Hindiya, Brazil, Mexico, iwm., baahida loo qabo polyurethane ee dhismayaasha, agabka dhismaha, alaabta guriga iyo warshadaha kale ayaa sidoo kale sii kordheysa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, marka la barbardhigo waddamada horumaray ee Yurub iyo Mareykanka, qaar ka mid ah gobolladan gobolladan ayaa weli ku jira marxaladda hore ee warshadaha. Aad bay u xasaasi u yihiin qiimaha alaabta ceeriin ee warshadaha polyurethane waxayna fiiro gaar ah u leeyihiin kharashka iyo waxqabadka kharashka. Mustaqbalka, mustaqbalka, aaggan ayaa wali sii wadi doona baahida sare ee MOCA-yada qiimaha sare leh.
Waqtigan xaadirka ah, shirkadaha waaweyn ee caalamiga ah ee ballaarinta polyurethane, sida Kazaka Kagosan Perfect Industry Co., Ltd., United States Air Chemical (iibsashada Winchuang sanadkii 2016), iyo United States Coco (oo ay iibsatay Langsheng sanadkii 2017), iwm., ayaa dunida ka dhigay mid kalitalis ah. Inta badan saamiyada suuqa ee wakiilada ballaarinta silsiladaha, shirkado yaryar oo aan lahayn horumarinta nidaamka cilmi-baarista warshadaha-jaamacadda ayaa laga saaray saameynta tayada badeecadaha iyo qiimaha, iyo diiradda warshadaha ballaarinta silsiladaha ayaa sii kordhay. Isla mar ahaantaana, shirkadaha waaweyn waxay sidoo kale ku tiirsan yihiin xoog raasamaal oo xooggan iyo asal cilmi-baaris iyo horumarin si ay u ballaariyaan agabka ceeriin ee xirfadeed iyo miisaanka wax soo saarka badeecadaha, iyo inay dhisaan monopoly caalami ah oo ballaaran oo saldhigyo wax soo saar iyo iib iyo xarumo R & D ah oo ku yaal meelaha leh ilo wanaagsan, suuqyo, iyo xaalado shaqo.
5. Xaaladda hadda jirta iyo jihada horumarinta ee wakiilada ballaarinta polyurethane
Iyada oo ah wax lagu daro muhiim u ah agabka polyurethane, wakiilada ballaarinta polyurethane waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa nidaamka CASE (oo ay ku jiraan dahaarka, dhejisyada, shaabadaynta iyo jidhka laastikada) ee agabka polyurethane. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah, jirka laastikada polyurethane waa walax isku-dhafan oo polymer ah oo u dhexeeya caagga guud iyo balaastikada. Waxay leedahay labadaba dabacsanaan sare oo caag ah iyo adkaanta sare iyo xoogga sare ee balaastikada. 5 ilaa 10 jeer), waxay leedahay sumcadda "boqorka caagga u adkaysta xirashada" waxayna leedahay xoog farsamo oo wanaagsan, iska caabin saliid, iska caabin kiimiko, iska caabin dabacsanaan iyo iska caabin heerkul hooseeya oo aad u fiican iyo waxqabadka dahaarka. Marka lagu daro nooca shubka caadiga ah iyo jirka laastikada polyurethane ee thermoplastic, walxaha jirka laastikada polyurethane waxa kale oo ku jira dhejisyo, dahaadh, shaabad, agab laami ah, cag, maqaar macmal ah, faybar, iwm. kuwaas oo noqda agab polyurethane oo laastikada ah. Iyadoo si joogto ah loo horumarinayo heerka farsamada, dabacsanaanta polyurethane ayaa lagu beddelay caagga, balaastikada, iyo biraha qaybaha kala duwan sida baabuurta, macdanta, daabacaadda, qalabka, farsamaynta mishiinada, isboortiga, iyo gaadiidka.
Sida laga soo xigtay tirakoobyada hay'adaha khuseeya, isticmaalka polyurethane-ka Shiinaha ee CASE (jirka laastikada ah, dahaarka, maqaar macmal ah, shaabadeynta iyo dhejiska) sannadkii 2021 wuxuu ahaa 7.77 milyan oo tan, celceliska heerka kobaca sanadlaha ahna wuxuu ahaa 11.5% sannadkii 2016-2021 wuxuu ahaa 11.5%.
Dabacsanaanta polyurethane-ka Shiinaha sannadkii 2016 waxay ahayd 925,000 oo tan, wax soo saarkuna sannadkii 2021 wuxuu gaaray 1.5 milyan oo tan, iyadoo heerka kobaca sanadlaha ah ee isku-dhafka ah uu ahaa 10.2%; celceliska heerka kobaca sanadlaha ah ee isticmaalka wuxuu ahaa 12.5%. Waxaa lagu qiyaasaa in marka la gaaro 2025, wax soo saarka jirka ee polyurethane-ka ee laastikada ah ee dalkaygu uu gaari doono 2.059 milyan oo tan, taasoo weli ku jiri doonta isbeddel horumarineed oo degdeg ah.
Caalamka oo dhan, wax soo saarka caalamiga ah ee polyurethane elastomers wuxuu gaaray 2.52 milyan oo tan sannadkii 2016 iyo 3.539 milyan oo tan sannadkii 2021, iyadoo heerka kobaca isku-dhafka ah ee sannadlaha ah uu yahay 7.0%. Marka la gaaro 2025, wax soo saarka caalamiga ah ee polyurethane elastomers ayaa la filayaa inuu gaaro 4.495 milyan oo tan, taasoo muujinaysa isbeddel horumarineed oo degdeg ah oo joogto ah.
Elastomer-ka polyurethane ee thermoplastic (TPU) wuxuu leeyahay iska caabin aad u fiican oo xirashada ah. Awooddiisa jilicsanaantu waa mid sare, dheer, u adkaysta saliidda, u adkaysta heerkulka hooseeya, u adkaysta cimilada, iyo u adkaysta ozone-ka ayaa muuqda, heerka adkaantana waa mid ballaaran. Sannadihii ugu dambeeyay, adeegsiga suuqa ee TPU wuxuu ka fiday warshadaha kabaha ilaa goobaha suuqa ee heerka sare ah sida dawooyinka, duulista hawada, iyo ilaalinta deegaanka. Sida laga soo xigtay tirakoobyada, laga bilaabo 2014 ilaa 2021, celceliska heerka kobaca isku-dhafka ah ee sanadlaha ah ee wax soo saarka TPU ee Shiinaha wuxuu ahaa mid aad u sarreeya ilaa 14.5%. Sannadkii 2021, wax soo saarka TPU ee dalkaygu wuxuu ahaa qiyaastii 645,000 oo tan. Dalkaygu wuxuu noqday dalka ugu weyn ee wax soo saarka TPU. Wax soo saarka iyo mugga dhoofinta saafiga ah ayaa si joogto ah u kordhay sannadihii ugu dambeeyay.
Marka laga eego dhinaca baahida, suuqa TPU-ga adduunka wuxuu hadda ku badan yahay Yurub, Mareykanka, iyo gobollada Aasiya-Baasifigga. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah gobolka Aasiya oo uu hoggaamiyo Shiinaha waa suuqa ugu dhaqsaha badan gobolka ee isticmaalka TPU-ga adduunka. Sida laga soo xigtay tirakoobka Guddiga Gaarka ah ee Laastikada ee Ururka Warshadaha Polyurethane ee Shiinaha, wadarta isticmaalka alaabada polyurethane ee dalkayga sannadkii 2018 waxay gaartay 11.3 milyan oo tan, kuwaas oo isticmaalka polyurethane elastomers (TPU+CPU) uu ahaa qiyaastii 1.1 milyan oo tan%.
TPU wali waa mid ka mid ah alaabada leh kobaca dhaqsaha badan ee polyurethane mustaqbalka dhow. Dalkaygu wuxuu noqday dalka ugu badan ee macaamiisha TPU adduunka. Sida laga soo xigtay tirakoobyada, celceliska kobaca sanadlaha ah ee isku-dhafka ah ee isticmaalka TPU ee Shiinaha 2017-2021 wuxuu ahaa mid aad u sarreeya ilaa 12.9%, kaas oo wadarta guud ee isticmaalka 2021 ay ahayd 602,000 tan, taasoo ah koror dhan 11.6% sanad-sanad. Iyada oo lagu saleynayo wax soo saarka TPU ee caalamiga ah ee 1.09 milyan oo tan sannadkii 2021, isticmaalka TPU ee gudaha ayaa dhaafay kala bar adduunka. Mustaqbalka, baahiyaha qalabka kabaha, filimka, tuubooyinka, iyo fiilooyinka ayaa noqon doona kuwo aad u xoog badan. Dhinaca qalabka caafimaadka, fiilooyinka fiilooyinka, iyo filimka, waxay sii beddeli doontaa agabka PVC ee dhaqameed. Aad ayay u badan tahay inay beddesho EVA ee goobta agabka kabaha. Waxaa la filayaa in TPU ay sii ahaan doonto 10 mustaqbalka 10 10% ama ka badan isbeddelka kobaca. Waxaa la filayaa in isticmaalkeedu uu gaaro ilaa 900,000 oo tan marka la gaaro 2026.
Iyada oo si tartiib tartiib ah loo ballaarinayo baaxadda wax soo saarka, qiimaha badeecadaha laastikada ah ee polyurethane waa hooseeyaa, kala duwanaanshuhu waa kala duwan yahay, baahida suuqu way soo hagaagtay, horumarka warshaduhuna waa mid degdeg ah. Inta lagu jiro muddada "Qorshaha Shanta Sano ee Afar iyo Tobnaad", warshadaha Kiisku waa inay si xooggan u horumariyaan horumarinta alaabada jihada biyaha ku saleysan, aan milmin, iyo waxyaabaha adag ee sare leh; kordhiyaan horumarinta CASE iyo horumarinta tignoolajiyada macmal ah ee qaab-dhismeedka alaabta ceeriin ee aasaasiga ah, iyadoo diiradda la saarayo Codsiga polyphonus-ka biyaha poly-to-pyrodramine; diiradda la saaro fulinta aragtida aasaasiga ah iyo cilmi-baarista tignoolajiyada injineernimada ee ku salaysan biyaha; hagaaji waxqabadka badeecada, horumarinta alaabada cusub, ballaarinta goobta codsiga, iyo kor u qaadida dhismaha dhismaha kaabayaasha cusub ee gaadiidka tareenka, wadada weyn, tunnel-ka buundada, gudbinta korontada, iwm. Iyo codsiga goobta caafimaadka; kor u qaadida codsiga farsamada ee dhejisyada polyurethane si aan lahayn formaldehyde si loogu daro taarikada macmalka ah; horumarinta alaabada kala duwan, shaqeynaya, iyo kuwa qiimaha sare leh ee lagu daray ammonia; xooji cilmi-baarista iyo tignoolajiyada codsiga ee qaab-dhismeedka walxaha aan biyuhu ka soo gelin polyurethane, waxqabadka, muddada waarta; Kor u qaadida codsiga agabka polyurethane ee dhismayaasha la diyaariyey.
Jihooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee horumarinta ee beerta elastomer waa:
Elastomers-ka Polyurethane ee baabuurta. Warshadaha baabuurta ee maanta waxay u soo ifbaxayaan waxqabad sare, tayo sare leh, miisaan fudud, raaxo iyo badbaado. Alaabada isku-dhafka ah ee caagga iyo balaastikada ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah u beddelaya agabka birta, taas oo fureysa fursad aad u ballaaran oo loogu talagalay isticmaalka elastomers-ka polyurethane.
Elastomers-ka Polyurethane ee dhismaha. Qalabka caadiga ah ee biyaha celiya ee laambadda ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah loogu beddelay walxo waara oo polyurethane ah oo aan biyuhu gelin; Isticmaalka wadada ciyaaraha polyurethane ayaa si aad ah u ballaaran. Kala-goysyada ballaarinta ee Buundooyinka waaweyn, meesha tareenka xawaaraha sare leh, wadada garoonka diyaaradaha iyo shabagga wadada weyn ayaa sidoo kale si tartiib tartiib ah looga sameeyaa PVC elastomer oo lagu adkeeyay heerkulka qolka.
Elastomer-ka Polyurethane ee loo isticmaalo macdanta. Waxaa jira baahi weyn oo loo qabo agab aan bir ahayn oo leh iska caabin sare oo duug ah, xoog sare iyo dabacsanaan badan oo ku jirta macdanta dhuxusha, macdanta birta iyo kuwa aan birta ahayn.
Elastomer-ka Polyurethane ee kabaha. Baaxadda Polychloride ester waxay leedahay faa'iidooyinka waxqabadka wanaagsan ee kaydinta, miisaanka fudud, iska caabbinta xirashada, iska caabbinta simbiriirixashada, iwm., waxay noqotay agab muhiim ah oo taageera warshadaha kabaha.
Elastomer-ka Polyurethane ee loogu talagalay isticmaalka caafimaadka. Iswaafajinta wanaagsan ee noolaha, iswaafajinta dhiigga iyo wax lagu daro la'aantu waa sababo muhiim ah oo loogu adeegsado qalabka TPU iyo CPU ee goobta caafimaadka. Adeegsigeeda dhinaca caafimaadka iyo caafimaadka aad ayuu u ballaaran yahay.
Xaashi cusub oo isku-dhafan oo polyurethane ah. Tiknoolajiyadda walxaha isku-dhafan ayaa la filayaa inay keento xilli cusub oo suuq ah oo loogu talagalay elastomers-ka polyurethane.
Isbeddelka horumarinta warshadaha ballaarinta silsiladda Polyurethane "Qorshaha Shanta Sano ee 14aad"
Marka laga eego aragtida caalamiga ah, horumarka degdegga ah ee goobta dhismaha, warshadaha baabuurta, qalabka sirdoonka elektaroonigga ah, warshadaha tamarta cusub iyo ilaalinta deegaanka ayaa si weyn u kiciyay baahida loo qabo alaabada polyurethane. Shirkadaha waaweyn ee polyurethane-ka adduunka ayaa sii wada inay cusboonaysiiyaan tignoolajiyada iyo codsiga, waxayna sii wadi doonaan inay kor u qaadaan horumarinta iyo soo saarista alaabada polyurethane-ka cusub. Iyada oo la ballaarinayo alaabada polyurethane ee ku jirta goobta iyo baaxadda suuqa hoose ee terminal-ka, baahida kala duwan ee alaabada polyurethane waxay kor u qaadi doontaa hal-abuurka joogtada ah iyo horumarinta wakiilada silsiladda polyurethane.
Tobanka sano ee soo socda, adeegsiga alaabada polyurethane ee meelaha qaar ee muhiimka ah ayaa sidoo kale si dhakhso ah u kobci doona. Khubarada warshadaha ayaa falanqeeyay in baahida caalamiga ah ee polyurethane ay kordhi doonto heer dhan 4.5% sannadkii. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah, celceliska kobaca sanadlaha ah ee baahida polyurethane waxaa lagu qiyaasay inuu yahay 5.7% meelaha qaboojinta, kabaha, dharka, madadaalada iyo meelaha kale. Baahida goobta wax soo saarka ayaa si yar u korodhay, waxaana la filayaa inay noqoto qiyaastii 3.3% sannadkii. Dalalka soo koraya ee gobolka Aasiya-Pacific waxaa taageeray tiknoolajiyad cusub si loo ballaariyo codsiyada hoose, baahida loo qabo polyurethanes-na waxay gaari doontaa heer koritaan laba-god ah sannad kasta.
Iyada oo ah walax ceeriin ah oo muhiim u ah warshadaha polyurethane, warshadaha lagu daro polyurethane ee dalkayga waa inay si aan kala go 'lahayn u hirgeliyaan fikradda horumarinta cusub. Hoos waxaa ku qoran, dulucda kor u qaadista horumarinta tayada sare leh ee warshadaha polyurethane, iyadoo la raacayo jihada kor u qaadista warshadaha polyurethane si loo dedejiyo dhismaha qaab horumarineed oo cusub oo ah "laba wareeg", oo diiradda saaraya isbeddelka cagaaran, kaarboon yar, iyo dijitaalka. , Dardargelinta dhismaha nidaamka warshadaha casriga ah, kor u qaadida "daciifnimada" alaabada heerka sare ah, "qabso tiknoolajiyada muhiimka ah ee heerka sare ah", "fur waddo cusub" alaabada dhaqanka, iyo kor u qaadida dalkayga si uu uga guuro polyurethane una wareego waddan xooggan.
Waqtigan xaadirka ah, qalabka fidinta silsiladda polyurethane wuxuu noqday mid ka mid ah agabka ceeriin ee lagama maarmaanka u ah mashaariicda kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha qaranka ee waaweyn. Warshadaha fidinta silsiladda polyurethane waxay kordhinayaan maalgashiga hal-abuurka, iyagoo horumarinaya dhinaca ilaalinta deegaanka, hufnaanta sare iyo tayada sare. Iyada oo diiradda la saarayo baahiyaha hawada sare, macluumaadka elektaroonigga ah, tamarta cusub, baabuurta, tareenka xawaaraha sare leh, gaadiidka tareenka, waddooyinka waaweyn, Buundooyinka waaweyn, daryeelka caafimaadka iyo warshadaha difaaca qaranka, isbeddelka iyo adeegsiga guulaha tignoolajiyada ee fidinta silsiladda polyurethane cusub ayaa la dedejinayaa si loo horumariyo heerka guud ee horumarinta warshadaha polyurethane.
Jihada horumarinta ee warshadaha fidinta silsiladda polyurethane waa in la horumariyo alaabada fidinta silsiladda cagaaran oo tayo sare leh oo leh waxqabad ilaalin deegaan oo badan. Ma aha oo kaliya nadiif ah oo aan wasakh ahayn habka wax soo saarka, laakiin sidoo kale waa ammaan iyo cagaar habka isticmaalka si kor loogu qaado cagaarka habka wax soo saarka alaabada polyurethane. Marka labaad, si loo sii ballaariyo isticmaalka alaabada fidinta silsiladda ee jira, si fidiyaha silsiladda xirfadeed ee jira uu uga buuxo firfircoonida codsiga cusub. Heerka tignoolajiyada ee qaar ka mid ah shirkadaha fidinta silsiladda polyurethane ee gudaha ayaa la mid ah kan shirkadaha caalamiga ah, laakiin cilmi-baaris dheeraad ah ayaa loo baahan yahay si loo sameeyo isticmaaleyaal badan si ay u ogaadaan heerka sare ee badeecadaha, gaar ahaan si loo dhiirrigeliyo alaabada udgoonka dareeraha ah ee diamine oo leh hawlgal ku habboon iyo waxqabad aad u wanaagsan, iyo in la sameeyo saameynta isku-dhafka ah ee fidinta silsiladda si loo badbaadiyo tamarta loona yareeyo isticmaalka iyo kharashka. Saddexaad waa in la sii horumariyo alaabada cusub iyadoo loo eegayo baahida suuqa, si loo bixiyo alaab tayo sare leh oo ku habboon warshadaha polyurethane, si loo daboolo baahiyaha suuqa hoose loona ballaariyo baaxadda codsiga.
Qalabka laastikada polyurethane, qalabka fidinta silsiladda waa wax lagu daro muhiim ah oo muhiim ah oo leh qiimo badan iyo qiimo sare, taas oo muhiimad weyn u leh hagaajinta waxqabadka badeecada. Intaa waxaa dheer, agabka kale ee polyurethane iyo xitaa balaastikada xumbo, qalabka fidinta silsiladda polyurethane wuxuu saameyn cad ku leeyahay horumarinta waxqabadka badeecada. Warshadaha polyurethane, booska suuqa fidinta silsiladda polyurethane waa mid aad u weyn. Si loo hormariyo loona hoggaamiyo horumarka tayada sare leh ee warshadaha polyurethane, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la xoojiyo cilmi-baarista codsiga iyo kor u qaadista qalabka fidinta silsiladda polyurethane, iyo in la horumariyo noocyo ka wanaagsan oo badan oo qalabka fidinta silsiladda polyurethane ah iyadoo la tixgelinayo caafimaadka, keydinta tamarta, badbaadada iyo ilaalinta deegaanka iyo waxqabadka codsiga, si loo sameeyo gacan ka geysan weyn nolosha wanaagsan ee aadanaha.
Waqtiga boostada: Febraayo-08-2023